Zida Zosakaniza za Galimoto
Magalimoto osakaniza, omwe amadziwikanso kuti osakaniza konkire kapena simenti, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso magiya omwe ndi ofunikira kuti agwire ntchito. Magiya amenewa amathandiza kusakaniza ndi kunyamula konkire bwino. Nazi zina mwa magiya akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto osakaniza:
- Kusakaniza Ng'oma:Ichi ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa galimoto yosakanizira. Chimazungulira mosalekeza panthawi yoyenda kuti chisakanizo cha konkire chisaume. Kuzungulirako kumayendetsedwa ndi ma hydraulic motors kapena nthawi zina ndi injini ya galimoto kudzera mu power take-off (PTO).
- Dongosolo la Hydraulic:Magalimoto osakanizira amagwiritsa ntchito makina oyeretsera madzi kuti agwire ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kuzungulira ng'oma yosakanizira madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito chute yotulutsira madzi, komanso kukweza kapena kutsitsa ng'oma yosakanizira madzi kuti inyamule ndi kutsitsa madzi. Mapampu a hydraulic, ma mota, masilinda, ndi ma valve ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa dongosololi.
- Kutumiza:Dongosolo lotumizira magetsi limayang'anira kusamutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku injini kupita ku mawilo. Magalimoto osakanizira magetsi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magiya olemera omwe amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito yonyamula katundu ndikupereka mphamvu yofunikira poyendetsa galimotoyo, makamaka ikadzaza ndi konkriti.
- Injini:Magalimoto osakaniza ali ndi mainjini amphamvu kuti apereke mphamvu ya akavalo yofunikira poyendetsa katundu wolemera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makina a hydraulic. Mainjini amenewa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito dizilo kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino mphamvu zawo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta moyenera.
- Kusiyana:Kuphatikizika kwa zida zosinthira kumalola mawilo kuzungulira pa liwiro losiyana akamazungulira ngodya. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti matayala azikhala olimba komanso kupewa kuwonongeka kwa matayala m'magalimoto osakaniza, makamaka poyenda m'malo opapatiza kapena malo osalinganika.
- Sitima yoyendetsa:Zigawo za drivetrain, kuphatikizapo ma axles, ma driveshaft, ndi ma differentials, zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zitumize mphamvu kuchokera ku injini kupita ku mawilo. Mu magalimoto osakanizira, zigawozi zimapangidwa kuti zipirire katundu wolemera komanso kupereka magwiridwe antchito odalirika.
- Tanki ya Madzi ndi Pampu:Magalimoto ambiri osakaniza ali ndi thanki yamadzi ndi makina opopera madzi owonjezera madzi ku konkire wosakaniza akamasakaniza kapena kutsuka ng'oma yosakaniza akagwiritsa ntchito. Pampu yamadzi nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa ndi mota ya hydraulic kapena yamagetsi.
Magiya ndi zida izi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zitsimikizire kuti magalimoto osakaniza amatha kusakaniza, kunyamula, komanso kutulutsa konkire bwino pamalo omanga. Kusamalira ndi kuyang'anira magiya awa nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti ntchito yake ndi yotetezeka komanso yothandiza.
Zida Zopangira Konkire
Chomera chopangira konkriti, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti chomera chosakanizira konkriti kapena chomera chopangira konkriti, ndi malo omwe amaphatikiza zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana kuti apange konkriti. Zomerazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulojekiti akuluakulu omanga komwe kumafunika konkriti yapamwamba nthawi zonse. Nazi zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachomera chopangira konkriti:
- Ma Bins Ophatikizana:Mabokosi amenewa amasunga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu monga mchenga, miyala, ndi miyala yophwanyika. Zinthuzo zimagawidwa molingana ndi kapangidwe kofunikira ka zinthuzo kenako zimayikidwa pa lamba wonyamulira kuti zinyamulidwe kupita ku chipangizo chosakaniza.
- Lamba Wonyamula Zinthu:Lamba wonyamulira katundu amanyamula zinthu zonse kuchokera ku zitini zophatikizana kupita ku chipangizo chosakaniza. Amaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zonse zophatikizana zikupezeka nthawi zonse.
- Silo za Simenti:Silo za simenti zimasunga simenti yochuluka. Simenti nthawi zambiri imasungidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu okhala ndi mpweya wokwanira komanso makina owongolera kuti simentiyo ikhale yabwino. Simenti imatulutsidwa kuchokera m'malo osungiramo zinthu kudzera m'makina oyendera mpweya kapena zomangira.
- Malo Osungira Madzi ndi Matanki Owonjezera:Madzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga konkriti. Malo opangira konkriti ali ndi matanki osungira madzi kuti atsimikizire kuti madzi akupezeka nthawi zonse posakaniza. Kuphatikiza apo, matanki owonjezera akhoza kuphatikizidwa kuti asungire ndikugawa zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana monga zosakaniza, zopaka utoto, kapena ulusi.
- Zipangizo Zolumikizira:Zipangizo zomangira zinthu, monga ma hopper oyezera, masikelo, ndi mita, zimayesa ndikugawa zosakanizazo molondola mu chipangizo chosakaniza malinga ndi kapangidwe kake kosakanikirana. Makampani amakono omangira zinthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito makina owongolera a pakompyuta kuti azitha kuchita izi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda bwino.
- Chigawo Chosakaniza:Chipinda chosakaniza, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti chosakanizira, ndi komwe zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana zimaphatikizidwira kupanga konkriti. Chosakanizachi chingakhale chosakanizira cha ng'oma chosasuntha, chosakanizira cha twin-shaft, kapena chosakanizira cha mapulaneti, kutengera kapangidwe ndi mphamvu ya chomeracho. Njira yosakanizirayi imatsimikizira kusakaniza bwino kwa zinthu zosakaniza, simenti, madzi, ndi zowonjezera kuti apange chisakanizo cha konkriti chofanana.
- Dongosolo Lowongolera:Dongosolo lowongolera limayang'anira ndikuwongolera njira yonse yopangira ma batching. Limayang'anira kuchuluka kwa zosakaniza, limayang'anira momwe ma conveyor ndi ma mixer amagwirira ntchito, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti konkire yopangidwayo ndi yofanana komanso yabwino. Makampani amakono opangira ma batching nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi makina apamwamba owongolera makompyuta kuti agwire ntchito moyenera komanso molondola.
- Chipinda Chowongolera Mafakitale Osiyanasiyana: Apa ndi pomwe ogwira ntchito amawunika ndikuwongolera njira yolumikizira ma batchi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a makina owongolera, zida zowunikira, ndi ma consoles a ogwiritsa ntchito.
Malo omangira konkriti amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso mphamvu zosiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za polojekiti. Amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poonetsetsa kuti konkriti yapamwamba ikupezeka nthawi yake pa ntchito zomanga, kuyambira nyumba zogona mpaka zomangamanga zazikulu. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndi kusamalira malo omangira konkriti ndikofunikira kuti ntchito yomanga konkriti ichitike bwino komanso kuti ntchitoyi ipambane.
Zipangizo Zofukula
Makina ofukula ndi makina ovuta omwe amapangidwira kukumba, kugwetsa, ndi ntchito zina zosuntha nthaka. Amagwiritsa ntchito magiya osiyanasiyana ndi zida zamakina kuti akwaniritse ntchito yawo. Nazi zina mwa zida zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'makina ofukula:
- Dongosolo la Hydraulic:Ofukula zinthu zakale amadalira kwambiri makina a hydraulic kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino zinthu komanso kuzilumikiza. Mapampu a hydraulic, ma mota, masilinda, ndi ma valve amawongolera momwe boom, mkono, chidebe, ndi zina zolumikizira za mgodi wofukula zinthu zakale zimagwirira ntchito.
- Zida Zosambira:Giya lozungulira, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti mphete yosweka kapena bearing yozungulira, ndi giya lalikulu lozungulira lomwe limalola kapangidwe kapamwamba ka excavator kuzungulira madigiri 360 pansi pa galimoto. Limayendetsedwa ndi ma hydraulic motors ndipo limalola woyendetsa kuti ayike excavator kuti ikumba kapena kutaya zinthu mbali iliyonse.
- Kuyendetsa Njira:Ofukula nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njira zoyendera m'malo mwa mawilo kuti aziyenda. Dongosolo loyendetsera njanji limaphatikizapo ma sprockets, ma tracks, ma idlers, ndi ma rollers. Ma sprockets amagwira ntchito ndi njirazo, ndipo ma hydraulic motors amayendetsa njanjizo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti excavator iyende m'malo osiyanasiyana.
- Kutumiza:Ofukula zinthu zakale akhoza kukhala ndi makina otumizira magetsi omwe amasamutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku injini kupita ku mapampu ndi ma mota a hydraulic. Makina otumizira magetsiwa amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu imayenda bwino komanso kuti makina a hydraulic agwire bwino ntchito.
- Injini:Mafakitale ofukula zinthu zakale amayendetsedwa ndi injini za dizilo, zomwe zimapereka mphamvu ya akavalo yofunikira kuti agwiritse ntchito makina a hydraulic, ma track drive, ndi zina. Injiniyo ikhoza kukhala kumbuyo kapena kutsogolo kwa fakitale yofukula zinthu zakale, kutengera mtundu wa injiniyo.
- Takisi ndi Zowongolera:Kabati ya woyendetsa galimotoyo ili ndi zida zowongolera ndi zida zogwiritsira ntchito chofukula. Magiya monga ma joystick, ma pedal, ndi ma switch amalola woyendetsa kuyendetsa mayendedwe a boom, mkono, chidebe, ndi ntchito zina.
- Chidebe ndi Zomangira:Ofukula zinthu zakale akhoza kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabaketi oti akumbe, komanso zomangira monga ma grapples, nyundo za hydraulic, ndi zala zazikulu za ntchito zapadera. Zolumikizira mwachangu kapena makina a hydraulic zimathandiza kuti zidazi zikhale zosavuta kuzilumikiza ndi kuzichotsa.
- Zigawo za Pansi pa Galimoto:Kuwonjezera pa makina oyendetsera njanji, ma excavator ali ndi zinthu zogwirira ntchito pansi pa galimoto monga ma track tensioner, ma track frames, ndi nsapato zoyendera. Zinthuzi zimathandiza kulemera kwa excavator ndipo zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yokhazikika panthawi yogwira ntchito.
Magiya ndi zigawo izi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zithandize chofukula kuti chigwire ntchito zosiyanasiyana moyenera komanso moyenera. Kusamalira ndi kuyang'anira nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti makina ofukula zinthu zakale akugwira ntchito moyenera komanso kwa nthawi yayitali m'malo ovuta kugwira ntchito.
Magiya a Kireni ya Nsanja
Ma crane a nsanja ndi makina ovuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pomanga nyumba zazitali ndi zomangamanga. Ngakhale kuti sagwiritsa ntchito zida zachikhalidwe mofanana ndi magalimoto kapena makina a mafakitale, amadalira njira zosiyanasiyana ndi zigawo kuti agwire ntchito bwino. Nazi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudzana ndi momwe ma crane a nsanja amagwirira ntchito:
- Zida Zosewerera:Ma crane a nsanja amaikidwa pa nsanja yoyima, ndipo amatha kuzungulira (kusweka) molunjika kuti afike kumadera osiyanasiyana pamalo omangira. Zida zomangira zimakhala ndi giya lalikulu lozungulira ndi giya la pinion loyendetsedwa ndi mota. Dongosolo la giya ili limalola giya kuzungulira bwino komanso molondola.
- Njira Yokwezera:Ma crane a nsanja ali ndi njira yokwezera ndi kutsitsa katundu wolemera pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe cha waya ndi ng'oma yokwezera. Ngakhale kuti si magiya okha, zigawozi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zikweze ndi kutsitsa katundu. Njira yokwezera ndi kukweza ikhoza kukhala ndi bokosi la gear kuti liwongolere liwiro ndi mphamvu ya ntchito yokweza.
- Njira Yoyendetsera Magalimoto:Ma crane a nsanja nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njira yoyendetsera katundu molunjika motsatira jib (horizontal boom). Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi injini ya trolley ndi makina a giya omwe amalola kuti katunduyo aikidwe molondola motsatira jib.
- Zolemera Zotsutsana:Kuti zikhale zokhazikika komanso zokhazikika ponyamula katundu wolemera, ma crane a nsanja amagwiritsa ntchito zolemera zotsutsana. Izi nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pa counter-jib ina ndipo zimatha kusinthidwa ngati pakufunika kutero. Ngakhale kuti sizili magiya okha, zolemera zotsutsana zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito konse kwa crane.
- Dongosolo Lotsekera Mabuleki:Ma crane a nsanja ali ndi makina oyendetsera mabuleki kuti azilamulira kayendedwe ka katundu ndi kuzungulira kwa crane. Makinawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njira zingapo zoyendetsera mabuleki, monga ma brake a disc kapena ma brake a drum, omwe amatha kuyendetsedwa ndi hydraulic kapena makina.
- Machitidwe Olamulira:Ma crane a nsanja amayendetsedwa kuchokera ku kabati yomwe ili pafupi ndi pamwamba pa nsanja. Makina owongolera amaphatikizapo ma joystick, mabatani, ndi ma interface ena omwe amalola woyendetsa kuyendetsa mayendedwe ndi ntchito za crane. Ngakhale si magiya, makina owongolera awa ndi ofunikira kuti crane igwire ntchito bwino komanso motetezeka.
Ngakhale kuti ma crane a nsanja sagwiritsa ntchito zida zachikhalidwe monga momwe makina ena amagwiritsira ntchito, amadalira makina osiyanasiyana, njira, ndi zida kuti agwire ntchito zawo zonyamula ndi kuyika zinthu molondola komanso mosamala.
Zipangizo Zomangira Zambiri ku Belon Gears
